硅藻生物炭对Pb2+的吸附/回收性能和机理研究

吸附法是去除工业废水中重金属的重要方法，环保高效吸附剂的开发及应用是目前亟待进一步深入研究的关键课题。此外，吸附剂和被吸附的重金属都存在难以回收的问题。硅藻是一种潜在的生物质优质生产者，目前主要用于热解生物油的原料。然而，生物油提取后残留的生物炭如果不加以资源化利用，容易造成环境污染和资源浪费。因此，本文选择硅藻生物炭作为吸附剂开展对铅离子（Pb²⁺）吸附与回收。首先，系统研究了不同热解温度下硅藻生物炭理化性质及其对Pb²⁺的吸附行为。探究了批量吸附实验中不同因素对Pb²⁺吸附的影响，进行了吸附动力学和吸附等温线拟合研究，并揭示了硅藻生物炭的吸附机理。此外，为了实现吸附剂的分离和铅的有效回收，本文还研制出以陶粒为核、硅藻生物炭与海藻酸盐复合凝胶为膜的球状吸附剂（DBB）。

本研究主要结论如下：随着热解温度（300℃ ~ 900℃）的升高，硅藻生物炭对Pb的吸附容量不断增加，其原因包括CaCO₃从球霰石到吸附能力强的方解石的形态转化和生物炭产率的下降。选取500℃的硅藻生物炭（DBC-500）作为后续吸附实验的研究对象。在Pb²⁺浓度为1000 mg/L、pH=5.0、吸附剂投加量为1.0 g/L时，DBC-500对Pb²⁺的最大吸附容量达到970.3 mg/g。吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究表明，DBC-500的吸附倾向于物理和化学吸附共存的单层吸附。比较酸洗后生物炭的吸附行为，DBC-500的吸附机理为CaCO₃和MgO离子交换提供的CO₃^2-和OH^-与Pb²⁺结合产生沉淀。

在使用DBB进行Pb²⁺的吸附和回收过程中，内核的添加使得吸附容量有明显的提升。在Pb²⁺浓度为1000 mg/L、pH = 5.0、吸附剂投加量为1.0 g/L时，DBB的Pb²⁺最大吸附容量为873.6 mg/g。分离并焙烧吸附铅后的炭膜，在600℃ ~ 650℃下可获得单一的铅形态β-PbO。

本研究提出以硅藻生物炭为基体的高效环保吸附剂，实现了对Pb²⁺高效吸附及回收，为解决工业废水的重金属去除及回收提供了思路和产品，同时实现了硅藻生物质的资源和利用。

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